GLOSSARY

Cystectomy – surgical procedure to remove the bladder

EpCAM – (Epithelial cell adhesion molecule). EpCAM helps epithelial cells to bind together, and has limited expression on normal, healthy epithelia. Conversely, EpCAM is highly expressed on transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder.

Intravesical instillation - treatments that are administered directly into the bladder via catheterization

Preclinical studies– A preclinical study evaluates a drug's toxic and pharmacologic effects through laboratory animal testing in vitro (experimentation done in a test tube or in a controlled environment outside a living organism) and in vivo (experimentation done in or on the living tissue of an organism).

Trans-urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) – This is the removal of a tumour from the inside of the bladder. A scope is passed into the bladder through the urethra and the tumours are then either cut or burned away

Transitional cell carcinoma - A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis (the part of the kidney that collects, holds, and drains urine).